How to Add Swap Space on Ubuntu 18.04

Swap is a space on a disk that is used when the amount of physical RAM memory is full. When a Linux system runs out of RAM, inactive pages are moved from the RAM to the swap space.

Swap space can take the form of either a dedicated swap partition or a swap file. Generally when running Ubuntu on a virtual machine, a swap partition is not present, and the only option is to create a swap file.

This tutorial covers the steps necessary to add a swap file on Ubuntu 18.04 systems.

Before You Begin #

Before continuing with this tutorial, check if your Ubuntu installation already has swap enabled by typing:

sudo swapon --show

If the output is empty, it means that your system does not have swap space enabled.

Otherwise, if you get something like below, you already have swap enabled on your machine.

NAME      TYPE      SIZE USED PRIO
/dev/sda2 partition 1.9G   0B   -2

Although possible, it is not common to have multiple swap spaces on a single machine.

Creating a Swap File #

The user you are logged in as must have sudo privileges to be able to activate swap. In this example, we will add 1G swap. If you want to add more swap, replace 1G with the size of the swap space you need.

Perform the steps below to add swap space on Ubuntu 18.04.

1. Start by creating a file which will be used for swap:

   sudo fallocate -l 1G /swapfile

   If fallocate is not installed or you get an error message saying fallocate failed: Operation not supported then use the following command to create the swap file:

   sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=1048576

2. Only the root user should be able to write and read the swap file. Set the correct permissions by typing:

   sudo chmod 600 /swapfile

3. Use the mkswap utility to set up a Linux swap area on the file:

   sudo mkswap /swapfile

4. Activate the swap file using the following command:

   sudo swapon /swapfile

   To make the change permanent open the /etc/fstab file:

   sudo nano /etc/fstab

   and paste the following line:

   /etc/fstab

   /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0

5. Verify that the swap is active by using either the swapon or the free command , as shown below:

   sudo swapon --show

   NAME      TYPE  SIZE   USED PRIO
   /swapfile file 1024M 507.4M   -1

   sudo free -h

                 total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
   Mem:           488M        158M         83M        2.3M        246M        217M
   Swap:          1.0G        506M        517M

Adjusting the Swappiness Value #

Swappiness is a Linux kernel property that defines how often the system will use the swap space. Swappiness can have a value between 0 and 100. A low value will make the kernel to try to avoid swapping whenever possible, while a higher value will make the kernel to use the swap space more aggressively.

The default swappiness value is 60. You can check the current swappiness value by typing the following command:

cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

60

While the swappiness value of 60 is OK for most Linux systems, for production servers, you may need to set a lower value.

For example, to set the swappiness value to 10, run:

sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10

To make this parameter persistent across reboots, append the following line to the /etc/sysctl.conf file:

vm.swappiness=10

The optimal swappiness value depends on your system workload and how the memory is being used. You should adjust this parameter in small increments to find an optimal value.

Removing a Swap File #

To deactivate and remove the swap file, follow these steps:

1. Start by deactivating the swap space by typing:

   sudo swapoff -v /swapfile

2. Next, remove the swap file entry /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 from the /etc/fstab file.

3. Finally, remove the actual swapfile file using the rm command:

   sudo rm /swapfile

Conclusion #

You have learned how to create a swap file and activate and configure swap space on your Ubuntu 18.04 system.

If you hit a problem or have feedback, leave a comment below.